Two sovereignties, often conflated. Operational sovereignty = where the data and the people sit (EU regions, EU-resident staff). Legal sovereignty = which jurisdiction can compel disclosure. The trap: the US CLOUD Act reaches any US-headquartered provider — and its EU subsidiaries — regardless of where the bytes live. So an EU "sovereign region" run by a US parent buys operational, not legal, sovereignty. Legal sovereignty needs a parent with no non-EU jurisdiction over it. Scroll down for the Sovereign AI / LLMs matrix — Mistral, Aleph Alpha, OVHcloud AI and self-hosted open-weight models vs the US-frontier contrast column. Every cell links its primary source.
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The realistic sovereign path for AI is open-weight models on EU infrastructure, not an EU OpenAI — and the rule is unchanged: provider jurisdiction beats data location. The Generative AI Atlas maps which models each hyperscaler hosts; this adds the sovereignty read.